El capÃtulo 14 explica que algunas propuestas rompen el principio de la regularidad en los préstamos de los dialectos:
14. Algunos de los supuestos préstamos latinos detectados por Lakarra rompen el principio de regularidad en su adopción por los dialectos del euskera
Como bien señala el profesor Zuazo siguiendo la pista iniciada por Mitxelena, los préstamos latinos, además de experimentar por lo general pocas variaciones respecto a su modelo original[1], muestran una gran regularidad al ser adoptados por parte de los hablantes vascos. En todos los euskalkis suelen presentar un aspecto similar con adaptaciones comunes, hecho que se atribuye a un menor grado de diferenciación dialectal entre los vascos antiguos (Zuazo 2010: 152-154).
Lakarra sin embargo ha venido a alterar en solitario esta visión firmemente asentada. Según el catedrático de Gasteiz, olde ‘voluntad’, ‘deseo’, serÃa un préstamo latino no identificado hasta ahora, que ha evolucionado en base a un esquema uoluntate > *olondade > *ololda(d)e > *ololde > olde (Lakarra 2011: 110). La propuesta crea al instante grandes problemas, pues la opinión generalizada hace mucho tiempo conviene en que el latÃn uoluntate ha producido el euskera borondate. La presencia de un doblete borondate/olde llegado de la misma palabra latina uoluntate resultarÃa harto problemática.
Si Mitxelena y Zuazo han demostrado que los préstamos latinos presentan en todos los dialectos vascos un aspecto muy parecido, ¿cómo es posible que en este caso aparezcan dos formas tan dispares? La propuesta atenta contra principios firmemente asentados en la filologÃa vasca y, lo que es peor, choca de nuevo con el principio de economÃa. Si olde viniese en efecto de uoluntate, la complejÃsima evolución que postula Lakarra tuvo que producirse en un dialecto vasco aislado, con hábitos fonéticos abismalmente diferentes y sin comunicación con los que evolucionaron hasta borondate, pero después este desconocido euskalki habrÃa entrado otra vez en comunicación con los demás hasta el punto de convertir a olde en palabra del léxico común.
Este panorama resulta difÃcil de admitir y carece de bases históricas en las que apoyarse. Volvemos a insistir en las palabras de Zuazo y Mitxelena: lo habitual es que los préstamos presenten un aspecto regular y sus adaptaciones fonéticas se realicen de manera parecida en los distintos euskalkis.
Tres cuartos de lo mismo podemos decir de otras arriesgadas propuestas de préstamos de Lakarra, como la que hace venir zemai del castellano, según el esquema menaza > *mezana > *zemana > *zemaa > *zemae > zemai (Lakarra 2011: 111). Hasta donde sabemos, menaza ha dado lugar a las palabras vascas beaza y mehatxu/mehatxatu. Que haya producido también zemai resulta chocante, requiriéndose datos complementarios que avalen las causas y contexto de pasos fonéticos tan complejos.
[1] Algunas etimologÃas de Mitxelena que Lakarra esgrime en favor de su modelo de cambios dramáticos en la adaptación de préstamos, como meridianu > biao o abaribagakoegun > bariku (Lakarra 2011: 40), distan mucho de estar probadas y requieren el apoyo de más datos.
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